NRC Research Press: Table of Contents

Culinary Herbs

Contents

Common name guide to the 125 species of culinary herbs discussed in detail (Includes generalized treatments for geranium (Pelargonium) and dandelion (Taraxacum), for which particular species are not highlighted), vi
Scientific name guide to 400 species of herbs discussed in the book, viii
Abstract/Résumé, xiv
Preface, xv
Medicinal warning, xvi
Acknowledgments, xvii
Reviewers, xvii
Introduction, 1: What is a culinary herb?, 1; Herb or erb?, 2; The historical importance of culinary herbs, 2; The families of culinary herbs, 8; Use of plant parts as culinary herbs, 9; Edible sprouts, 10; Edible flowers, 12; Preservation of culinary herb germplasm, 16
Herbs, chemistry, and nutrition, 17: Essential oils, 17; Pungent principles, bitter principles, 18; Other classes of chemicals important in herbs, 18; Food value of herbs, 20
Herbs, medicine, and safety, 23: Natural plant toxins in food, 23; Herbal medicine vs. Western medicine, 24; The danger of personal use of herbs as medicine, 25; Mechanical injury, 26; Classes of injurious chemicals in herbs, 26; Recommendations, 27
Climatic zones where herbs can be grown, 29
The culinary herb economy of North America, 41: The most important culinary herbs, 41; Imports, 41; Essential oils, 42; Crop diversification and the business of growing herbs, 42; Research and information needs, 46
Plant classification and plant names, 47: Natural and artificial classifications, 47; Plant nomenclature, 48; The importance of correct identification, 51
Key sources of information on culinary herbs of northern North America, 53
Detailed information on culinary herbs (alphabetized by genus, from Acer to Zingiber) 57
Appendix 1. Conversions between metric (SI), Imperial (English/Canadian), and American units of measurement, 641
Appendix 2. Tips to produce the perfect herbal tea, 643
Bibliography, 644
Indexes of all species names mentioned: English, 683; French, 695; Scientific (Latin), 703

COMMON NAME GUIDE TO THE 125 SPECIES OF CULINARY HERBS DISCUSSED IN DETAIL

(For a complete list of all common names of all plants mentioned in the book, see the index of English names at the end of the book.)


Agastache species: Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum), 67; Korean mint (Agastache rugosa), 71
Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), 73
Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum), 566
Allium species: Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), 86; Egyptian onion (Allium ×proliferum), 94; Garlic (Allium sativum), 78; Garlic chives (Allium tuberosum), 91
Ambrosia - see Chenopodium species
Angelica (Angelica archangelica), 109
Anise (Pimpinella anisum), 482
Anise hyssop - see Agastache species
Balm: Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), 345; Vietnamese balm (Elsholtzia ciliata), 251
Basil: Basil (Ocimum basilicum), 413; Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), 419
Black cumin - see Cumin, black
Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), 303
Bergamot species: Bergamot (Monarda didyma), 377; Lemon bergamot (Monarda citriodora), 385; Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), 382
Betony (Stachys officinalis), 569
Borage: Borage (Borago officinalis), 147; Country borage (Plectranthus amboinicus), 487
Burnet: Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis), 549; Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor), 545
Calamint: Calamint (Calamintha nepeta), 163; Large-flowered calamint; (Calamintha grandiflora), 161
Caraway (Carum carvi), 189
Catnip (Nepeta cataria), 401
Celery (Apium graveolens), 121
Chamomile: German chamomile (Matricaria recutita), 339; Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), 197
Chenopodium species: Ambrosia (Chenopodium botrys), 205; Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides), 201
Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), 115
Chicory (Cichorium intybus), 209
Chives - see Allium species
Cicely, sweet (Myrrhis odorata), 387
Citronella grass - see Cymbopogon species
Comfrey: Comfrey (Symphytum officinale), 579; Russian comfrey (Symphytum ×uplandicum), 583
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), 219
Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita), 593
Cress: Garden cress (Lepidium sativum), 317; Upland cress (Barbarea verna), 143; Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), 395
Cumin: Black cumin (Nigella sativa), 407; Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), 237
Cymbopogon species: Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), 246; Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), 241
Dandelion (Taraxacum), 599
Dill (Anethum graveolens), 103
Dittany of Crete - See Origanum species
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), 255
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), 617
Garlic - see Allium species
Geranium species (Pelargonium species), 465
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), 635
Ginseng: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), 441; Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), 450
Horehound (Marrubium vulgare), 335
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), 291
Hop (Humulus lupulus), 283
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), 127
Juniper, common (Juniperus communis), 295
Lemon grass - see Cymbopogon species
Lavender, English (Lavandula angustifolia), 311
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 267
Lovage (Levisticum officinale), 321
Maple, sugar (Acer saccharum), 58
Marjoram - see Origanum species
Marigold: French marigold (Tagetes patula), 589; Mexican mint marigold (Tagetes lucida), 587; Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), 167
Mexican tea - see Chenopodium species
Mint, Jamaican - see Savory, Jamaican
Mint, Korean - see Agastache species
Mint, Mexican marigold - see Marigold, Mexican mint
Mint, mountain (Pycnanthemum pilosum), 495
Mint (true): Apple mint (Mentha suaveolens), 369; Field mint (Mentha arvensis), 364; Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), 367; Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita), 352; Round-leaved mint (Mentha ×rotundifolia), 372; Scotch mint (Mentha ×gracilis), 361; Silver mint (Mentha longifolia), 367; Spearmint (Mentha spicata), 358; Water mint (Mentha aquatica), 363; Wooly mint (Mentha ×villosa), 370
Mitsuba (Cryptotaenia japonica), 233
Mustard: Brown mustard (Brassica juncea), 156; Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba), 559
Myrtle (Myrtus communis), 391
Nasturtium: Dwarf Nasturtium (Tropaeolum minus), 625; Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), 625
Onion - see Allium species
Origanum species: Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus), 433; Italian oregano (Origanum ×majoricum), 437; Marjoram (Origanum majorana), 425; Oregano (Origanum vulgare), 428; Pot marjoram (Origanum onites), 432; Small-leaved oregano (Origanum microphyllum), 436; Syrian oregano (Origanum syriacum), 436
Oregano - see Origanum species
Oregano, Mexican (Lippia graveolens), 329
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum) 475
Pepper: Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum), 174; Habañero pepper (Capsicum chinense), 186; Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens), 183
Perilla (Perilla frutescens), 471
Poppy, opium (Papaver somniferum), 457
Rau om (Limnophila aromatica), 327
Rau ram (Polygonum odoratum), 492
Rhubarb (Rheum ×cultorum), 500
Rose: Dog rose (Rosa canina), 509; Turkestan rose (Rosa rugosa), 513
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), 273
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), 517
Rue (Ruta graveolens), 531
Saffron (Crocus sativus), 227
Sage (Salvia officinalis), 539
Savory (Micromeria juliana), 373
Savory (Satureja): Jamaican savory (Satureja viminea), 558; Lemon savory (Satureja biflora), 557; Summer savory (Satureja hortensis), 551; Winter savory (Satureja montana), 555
Scurvy grass (Cochlearia officinalis), 215
Sorrel: Garden sorrel (Rumex acetosa), 525; French sorrel (Rumex scutatus), 528
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), 573
Sugar maple - see Maple, sugar
Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), 136
Thyme: Caraway thyme (Thymus herba-barona), 614; Creeping thyme (Thymus praecox), 616; Garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 607; Lemon thyme (Thymus ×citriodorus), 613
Vap ca (Houttuynia cordata), 279
Verbena, lemon (Aloysia citriodora), 97
Violet, sweet (Viola odorata), 630
Watercress - see Cress
Woodruff (Galium odoratum), 261

SCIENTIFIC NAME GUIDE TO 400 SPECIES OF HERBS DISCUSSED IN THE BOOK

(Names are bolded for the 85 genera and 125 species of culinary herbs discussed in considerable detail. For a complete list of all scientific names of plants mentioned in this book, see the index of scientific names at the end of the book.)

Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), 273
Abrus precatorius (jequirity-bean), 267
Acer, 57: A. macrophyllum (large-leaved maple), 57; A. pensylvanicum (striped maple), 57; A. platenoides (Norway maple), 64; A. rubrum (red maple), 57; A. saccharinum (silver maple), 57; A. saccharum (sugar maple), 58
Acinos thymoides (basil thyme), 412
Acorus calamus (sweet flag), 43, 109
Aethusa cynapium (fool's parsley), 480
Aframomum melegueta (Melegueta pepper), 174
Agastache, 66: A. foeniculum (anise hyssop), 67; A. mexicana (Mexican giant hyssop), 67; A. rugosa (Korean mint), 71
Agrimonia, 73: A. eupatoria (agrimony), 73
Allium, 77: A. canadense (Canada garlic), 77; A. chinense (rakkyo), 77; A. ×proliferum (Egyptian onion), 94; A. sativum (garlic), 78; A. schoenoprasum (chives), 86; A. tricoccum (wild leek), 77; A. tuberosum (garlic chives), 91; A. vineale (field-garlic), 77
Aloysia, 97: A. citriodora (lemon verbena), 97
Alpinia: A. purpurata (red ginger), 635; A. zerumbet (shell ginger), 635
Anethum, 102: A. graveolens (dill), 103
Angelica, 109: A. archangelica (angelica), 109; A. atropurpurea (American angelica), 109; A. lucida (wild angelica), 109; A. sylvestris (woodland angelica), 109; A. sinensis (woman's ginseng), 440
Anthriscus, 115: A. cerefolium (chervil), 115; A. sylvestris (woodland chervil), 115
Apium, 120: A. graveolens (celery), 121
Armoracia, 126: A. rusticana (horseradish), 127
Artemisia, 134: A. abrotanum (southernwood), 135; A. absinthium (absinthe), 135; A. annua (sweet wormwood), 136; A. dracunculus (tarragon), 136; A. pontica (Roman wormwood), 136; A. princeps (Japanese mugwort), 136; A. santonicum ("Santonian artemisia"), 136; A. vulgaris (mugwort), 136
Asarum canadense (wild ginger), 635
Barbarea, 142: B. verna (upland cress), 143; B. vulgaris (common winter cress), 143
Borago, 147: B. officinalis (borage), 147
Brassica, 154: B. carinata (Abyssinian mustard), 155; B. juncea (brown mustard), 156; B. nigra (black mustard), 155
Bunium: B. bulbocastanum (tuberous-rooted caraway), 189; B. persicum (black cumin), 407
Calamintha, 161: C. grandiflora (large-flowered calamint), 161; C. graveolens ("strong-scented calamint"), 161; C. nepeta (calamint), 163; C. sylvatica (common calamint), 161
Calendula, 166: C. officinalis (pot marigold), 167
Camellia sinensis (Chinese tea), 19
Capparis spinosa (caper), 4
Capsicum, 173: C. annuum (chile pepper), 174; C. baccatum (Peruvian pepper), 173; C. chinense (Habañero pepper), 186; C. frutescens (tabasco pepper), 183; C. pubescens (apple chile), 173
Carthamus tinctorius (false saffron), 228, 231
Carum, 189: C. carvi (caraway), 189
Chaerophyllum bulbosum (turnip-rooted parsley), 115
Chamaemelum, 196: C. nobile (Roman chamomile), 197
Chenopodium, 201: C. album (lamb's quarters), 201; C. ambrosioides (Mexican tea), 201; C. bonus-henricus (good king Henry), 201; C. botrys (ambrosia), 205; C. capitatum (strawberry blight), 201; C. quinoa (quinoa), 201
Cichorium, 209: C. intybus (chicory), 209
Cinnamomum zeylandicum (cinnamon), 4
Citrus bergamia (bergamot orange), 378
Clinopodium vulgare (wild basil), 413
Cochlearia, 215: C. danica (Danish scurvy grass), 215; C. officinalis (scurvy grass), 215
Coffea arabica (coffee), 4
Commiphora spp. (myrrh species), 387
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), 50
Convallaria majalis (lilly of the valley), 15
Coriandrum, 219: C. sativum (cilantro, coriander), 219
Crocus, 226: C. cartwrightianus (wild saffron), 227; C. sativus (saffron), 227
Cryptotaenia, 232: C. canadensis (honewort), 233; C. japonica (mitsuba), 233
Cuminum, 236: C. cyminum (cumin), 237
Cunila origanoides (American dittany), 434
Curcuma longa (turmeric), 4
Cymbopogon, 241: C. citratus (lemon grass), 241; C. flexuosus (East Indian lemon grass), 241; C. martinii (ginger grass), 241; C. nardus (citronella grass), 246
Dictamnus albus (gas plant), 435
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), 51
Echium plantagineum (Patterson's curse), 584
Durio zibethinus (durian), 328
Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), 4
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng), 439
Elsholtzia, 250: E. ciliata (Vietnamese balm), 251; E. stauntonii (mint shrub), 251
Ephedra nevadensis (Mormon tea), 202
Eryngium foetidum (culantro), 224
Erythroxylon coca (coca), 246
Eutrema wasabi (Japanese horseradish), 127
Ferula communis (common giant fenel), 255
Foeniculum, 254: F. vulgare (fennel), 255
Galium, 261: G. aparine (cleavers), 261; G. odoratum (woodruff), 261; G. verum (yellow bedstraw), 261
Glycyrrhiza, 266: G. glabra (licorice), 267; G. lepidota (American licorice), 267; G. uralensis (Chinese licorice), 267
Hedeoma pulegioides (American pennyroyal), 367
Hedychium: H. coronarium (white ginger), 635; H. flavum (yellow ginger), 635
Helleborus niger (Christmas rose), 509
Heracleum sphondylium (cow-parsnip), 500
Hibiscus, 273: H. acetosella ("sour hibiscus"), 273; H. cannabinus (kenaf), 273; H. sabdariffa (roselle), 273
Houttuynia, 279: H. cordata (vap ca), 279
Humulus, 283: H. japonicus (Japanese hop), 283; H. lupulus (hop), 283
Hyptis emoryi (desert lavender), 311
Hyssopus, 290: H. officinalis (hyssop), 291
Ilex paraguariensis (maté), 573
Illicium: I. anisatum (Japanese star anise), 482; I. verum (Chinese star anise), 481
Iris ×germanica (orris), 325, 633
Juniperus, 295: J. ashei (Ozark white cedar), 295; J. communis (common juniper), 295; J. virginiana (eastern red cedar), 295
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel), 303
Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), 15
Laurus, 302: L. nobilis (bay laurel), 303
Lavandula, 309: L. angustifolia (English lavender), 311; L. dentata (French lavender), 309; L. ×intermedia (lavandin), 309; L. latifolia (spike lavender), 309; L. stoechas (Spanish lavender), 311
Lepidium, 317: L. densiflorum (common pepper-grass), 317; L. meyenii (maca), 317; L. sativum (garden cress), 317; L. virginicum (wild cress), 317
Levisticum, 321: L. officinale (lovage), 321
Ligusticum scoticum (Scotch lovage), 321
Lilium lancifolium (tiger lily), 15
Limnonium species (sea lavender), 311
Limnophila, 326: L. aromatica (rau om), 327
Lippia, 329: L. alba (anise verbena), 329; L. dulcis (Mexican lippia), 329; L. graveolens (Mexican oregano), 329; L. micromera (Spanish thyme), 329
Lobelia species (lobelia), 26
Marrubium, 334: M. vulgare (horehound), 335
Matricaria, 339: M. recutita (German chamomile), 339
Medicago sativa (alfalfa), 10
Melissa, 345: M. officinalis (lemon balm), 345; M. parviflora ("small-flowered melissa"), 345
Mentha, 350: M. aquatica (water mint), 363; M. arvensis (field mint), 364; M. ×gracilis (Scotch mint), 361; M. longifolia (silver mint), 367; M. ×piperita (peppermint), 352; M. pulegium (pennyroyal), 367; M. requienii (Corsican mint), 352; M.×rotundifolia (round-leaved mint, apple mint), 372; M. ×smithiana (red mint), 352; M. spicata (spearmint), 358; M. suaveolens (apple mint, pineapple mint), 369; M. ×villosa (wooly mint), 370
Micromeria, 373: M. fruticosa (tea hyssop), 373; M. juliana (savory), 373; M. sp. (Emperor's mint), 373; M. sp. (Roman mint), 373
Moringa oleifera (horseradish tree), 132
Monarda, 376: M. austromontana (Mexican bergamot), 377; M. citriodora (lemon bergamot), 385; M. didyma (bergamot), 377; M. fistulosa (wild bergamot), 382; M. punctata (dotted monarda), 377
Monardella odoratissima (mountain mint), 495
Myrica: M. pensylvanica (bayberry), 303; M. californica (California bayberry), 303
Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), 4
Myrrhis, 386: M. odorata (sweet cicely), 387
Myrtus, 390: M. communis (myrtle), 391
Nasturtium, 395: N. microphyllum (small-leaved watercress), 395; N. microphyllum × N. officinale (brown cress), 395; N. officinale (watercress), 395
Nepeta, 401: N. cataria (catnip), 401; N. ×faassenii (catmint), 401
Nicolaia elatior (torch ginger), 635
Nigella, 407: N. damascena (love-in-a-mist), 407; N. sativa (black cumin), 407
Ocimum, 411: O. americanum (American basil), 411; O. basilicum (basil), 413; O. campechianum (wild basil, potmargin), 412; O. gratissimum (African tea bush), 411; O. kilimandscharicum (camphor basil), 412; O. tenuiflorum (holy basil), 419
Oenanthe javanica (water celery), 125
Oenothera biennis (evening primrose), 153
Oremis multicaulis (Moroccan chamomile), 339
Origanum, 424: O. dictamnus (dittany of Crete), 433; O. majorana (marjoram), 425; O. ×majoricum (Italian oregano), 437; O. microphyllum (small-leaved oregano), 436; O. onites (pot marjoram), 432; O. syriacum (Syrian oregano), 436; O. vulgare (oregano), 428
Osmorhiza: O. aristata (yabu-ninjin), 387; O. chilensis (Chilean sweet cicely), 387; O. claytonii (sweet jarvil), 387; O. longistylis (anise-root), 387; O. occidentalis (western sweet cicely), 387
Panax, 438
P. ginseng (Asian ginseng), 450: P. japonicum (Japanese ginseng), 450; P. notoginseng (South China ginseng), 451; P. pseudoginseng (san-ch'i ginseng), 450; P. quinquefolius (American ginseng), 441; P. trifolius (dwarf American ginseng), 439; P. vietnamensis ("Vietnamese ginseng"), 439
Papaver, 457: P. orientale (Oriental poppy), 457; P. rhoeas (corn poppy), 463; P. somniferum (opium poppy), 457
Pelargonium, 464: P. abrotanifolium (southernwood geranium), 465; P. capitatum (rose-scented geranium), 465; P. citronellum (Mabel Grey geranium), 465; P. crispum (lemon geranium), 465; P. cucullatum (maple-leaved geranium), 465; P. denticulatum (pine geranium), 465; P. ×fragrans (nutmeg geranium), 465; P. graveolens (rose geranium), 465; P. ×hortorum (house geranium), 465; P. grossularioides (gooseberry geranium), 466; P. ×limoneum (English finger-bowl geranium), 466; P. odoratissimum (apple geranium), 466; P. quercifolium (oak-leaved geranium), 466; P. radens (crowfoot geranium), 466; P. scabrum (apricot geranium), 466; P. sp. (mosquito fighter geranium), 469; P. tomentosum (peppermint geranium), 466
Perilla, 470: P. arguta (shiso), 471; P. frutescens (perilla), 471
Petroselinum, 475: P. crispum var. crispum (parsley), 475
Piqueria trinervia (florist's stevia), 573
Pimenta: P. doica (allspice), 4; P. racemosa (West Indian bay), 303
Pimpinella, 481: P. alpina (antanan goonong), 481; P. anisum (anise), 482; P. major (greater burnet saxifrage), 481; P. saxifraga (burnet saxifrage), 481
Piper nigrum (black pepper), 4, 174
Plectranthus, 487: P. amboinicus (country borage), 487; P. esculentus (Kaffir potato), 487
Poliomintha: P. incana (rosemary mint), 331; P. longiflora (Mexican bush oregano), 329
Polygonum, 491: P. alpinum (wild rhubarb), 500; P. amphibium (swamp smartweed), 492; P. cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), 491; P. erectum ("erect knotweed"), 492; P. hydropiper (water-pepper), 491; P. multiflorum (fo-ti), 491; P. odoratum (rau ram), 492
Prunus: P. laurocerasus (cherry laurel), 303; P. lusitanica (Portuguese laurel), 303; P. spinosa (sloe), 296
Pycnanthemum, 495: P. incanum (hoary mountain mint), 495; P. pilosum (mountain mint), 495; P. virginianum (Virginia mountain mint), 495
Rheum, 499: R. australe (red-veined pie plant), 499; R. ×cultorum (rhubarb), 500; R. officinale (medicinal rhubarb), 499; R. palmatum (East Indian rhubarb), 499; R. ribes (currant rhubarb), 499
Rosa, 507: R. acicularis (prickly rose), 509; R. ×alba (hybrid of dog and Damask roses), 508; R. canina (dog rose), 509; R. damascena (Damask rose), 507; R. eglanteria (eglantine), 508, 512; R. gallica (French rose), 508; R. rugosa (Turkestan rose), 513; R. spinosissima (Scotch rose), 508
Rosmarinus, 517: R. eriocalyx ("wooly-calyx rosemary"), 517; R. officinalis (rosemary), 517
Rubus suavissimus (Chinese blackberry), 577
Rumex, 525: R. acetosa (garden sorrel), 525; R. alpinus (mountain rhubarb), 499; R. hydrolapathum (great water dock), 500; R. hymenosepalus (wild rhubarb), 440, 500, 525; R. occidentalis (western dock), 500; R. patientia (monk's rhubarb), 499; R. scutatus (French sorrel), 528
Ruta, 531: R. chalepensis (fringed rue), 531; R. graveolens (rue), 531
Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane), 60
Salvia, 536: S. clevelandii (blue sage), 537; S. coccinea (red sage), 539; S. columbariae (golden chia), 538; S. discolor (Peruvian sage), 539; S. divinorum (salvia of the gods), 537; S. dorisiana (fruit sage), 539; S. elegans (pineapple sage), 537; S. farinacea (mealy sage), 539; S. fruticosa (Greek sage), 537; S. fulgens (cardinal sage), 539; S. greggii (autumn sage), 539; S. hispanica (Mexican chia), 539; S. involucrata (roseleaf sage), 539; S. lavandulifolia (Spanish sage), 539; S. lyrata (lyreleaf sage), 539; S. officinalis (garden sage), 539; S. pomifera (apple sage), 539; S. pratensis (meadow sage), 539; S. sclarea (clary sage), 538; S. splendens (scarlet sage), 539; S. viridis (bluebeard sage), 538
Sanguisorba, 545: S. minor (salad burnet), 545; S. officinalis (great burnet), 549
Santolina chamaecyparissus (lavender cotton), 311
Sassafras albidum (sassafras), 26
Satureja, 551: S. biflora (lemon savory), 557; S. brownei (Browne's savory), 551; S. bzybica ("River Bzyb savory"), 551; S. douglasii (Oregon tea), 551; S. hortensis (summer savory), 551; S. montana (winter savory), 555; S. spicigera (creeping savory), 551; S. thymbra (thryba), 551; S. viminea (Jamaican savory), 558
Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper), 174
Sesamum indicum (sesame), 4
Sinapis, 559: S. alba (yellow mustard), 559; S. arvensis (wild mustard), 559
Smyrnium, 565: S. olusatrum (Alexanders), 566; S. perfoliatum (biennial Alexanders), 565
Stachys, 568: S. affinis (Chinese artichoke), 569; S. floridana (rattlesnake weed), 569; S. officinalis (betony), 569
Stevia, 572: S. rebaudiana (stevia), 573
Symphytum, 579: S. asperum (prickly comfrey), 583; S. officinale (comfrey), 579; S. ×uplandicum (Russian comfrey), 583
Synsepalum dulcificum (miraculous fruit), 577
Syzgium: S. aromaticum (clove), 4; S. jambos (rose-apple), 509
Tagetes, 585: T. erecta (African marigold), 585; T. filifolia (Irish lace marigold), 587; T. lucida (Mexican marigold mint) , 587; T. minuta (Muster-John-Henry), 585; T. patula (French marigold), 589; T. tenuifolia (signet marigold), 585
Tanacetum, 592: T. balsamita (costmary), 593; T. parthenium (feverfew), 593; T. vulgare (tansy), 593
Taraxacum, 598: Taraxacum species (dandelion), 599; T. kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion), 599
Tessaria dodeneifolia (chilca), 573
Thaumatococcus daniellii (sweet prayer-plant), 577
Thymus, 606: T. caespititius (Azores thyme), 607; T. capitatus (conehead thyme), 607; T. ×citriodorus (lemon thyme), 613; T. herba-barona (caraway thyme), 614; T. mastichina (mastic thyme), 607; T. praecox (creeping thyme), 616; T. pseudolanuginosus (wooly thyme), 607; T. pulegiodes (wild thyme), 607; T. quinquecostatus (Japanese thyme), 607; T. serpyllum (mother-of-thyme), 607; T. thracicus (lavender thyme), 607; T. vulgaris (garden thyme), 607; T. zygis (Spanish thyme), 607
Trachyspermum ammi (ajowan), 189
Trigonella, 617: T. caerulea (sweet trefoil), 617; T. foenum-graecum (fenugreek), 617
Triticum aestivum (wheat), 11
Tropaeolum, 624: T. majus (nasturtium), 625; T. minus (dwarf nasturtium), 625; T. tuberosum (anyu), 625
Tulbaghia violacea (society garlic), 79
Umbellularia californica (California bay), 303
Vanilla planifolia (vanilla), 17
Vigna radiata (mung bean), 10
Viola, 629: V. odorata (sweet violet), 630; V. sp. (parma violet), 629; V. tricolor (wild pansy), 629; V. ×wittrockiana (garden pansy), 629
Westringia rosmariniformis (Australian rosemary), 517
Xylopia aethiopica (African pepper), 174
Zanthoxylum: Z. armatum (Chinese pepper), 174; Z. piperitum (Japanese pepper), 174; Z. rhetsa (Indian pepper), 174; Z. simulans (Szechwan pepper), 174
Zingiber, 634: Z. mioga (mioga ginger), 635; Z. officinale (ginger), 635
Zizia aurea (golden Alexanders), 566

Date modified: 2010-02-09

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